Method for applying braze end isolation layer for generator armature winding bar

ABSTRACT

A method of forming a brazed joint between an armature bar and a hydraulic header clip including the steps of: locating ends of a plurality of hollow strands and a plurality of solid strands within a cavity in an end fitting such that free ends of said hollow strands extend axially beyond free ends of said solid strands; and pre-placing an essentially phosphorous-free silver braze alloy around and between said ends of said hollow strands and said solid strands such that said braze alloy extends axially beyond the free ends of said solid strands.

CROSS RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is divisional of application Ser. No. 10/991,371 ('371application) (U.S. Pat. No. 7,219,827) filed Nov. 19, 2004, which isincorporated by reference herein. This application is related tocommonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/991,416, (U.S. Pat.No. 7,199,338) entitled “Method And System For Applying An IsolationLayer To A Brazed End Of A Generator Armature Winding Bar”, and U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/991,501, (now abandoned) entitled “BrazeChamber And Method For Applying An Isolation Layer To A Brazed End Of AGenerator Armature Winding Bar” which were filed contemporaneously withthe '371 application. These related applications are incorporated byreference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to brazing generator armature winding barsto hydraulic header clips, and to a method for sealing an armaturewinding bar to its header clips to prevent or reduce corrosion due tocoolant water flowing through the end fitting and the armature windingbar.

The armature windings on large steam-turbine generators are generallywater-cooled. The armature windings comprise an arrangement of halfcoils or armature bars (collectively referred to as “armature bars” or“bars”) connected at each end through copper or stainless steel fittingsand water-cooled connections to form continuous hydraulic windingcircuits.

Water-cooled armature winding bars are comprised of a plurality of smallrectangular solid and hollow copper strands arranged to form a bar. Therectangular copper strands are generally arranged in rectangularbundles. The hollow strands each have an internal duct for conductingcoolant through the bar. The ends of the strands are each brazed to arespective hydraulic header clip. The hydraulic header clip serves asboth an electrical and a cooling flow connection for the armaturewinding bar.

The hydraulic header clip is a hollow connector that includes anenclosed chamber for ingress or egress of a cooling liquid, typicallydeionized water. At one open end, the clip encloses the ends of thecopper strands of the armature winding bar. A braze alloy bonds the endsections of the strands to each other and to the hydraulic header clip.The braze joints between adjacent strand ends and between the strandends and the clip should retain hydraulic and electrical integrity forthe expected lifetime of the winding. A typical life time of a windingis on the order of tens of years.

Internal surfaces of the brazed joints between the clip and the ends ofthe strands are constantly exposed to the deionized, oxygenated waterflowing through the clip and the hollow strands. The exposure of thebrazed surfaces to the coolant can result in corrosion of the armaturewinding bar and hydraulic header clip. Corrosion tends to occur in thecrevices of the joints between the hydraulic header clip and the strandends of the armature bar, and in the crevices between the strand ends.Corrosion of a phosphorous-containing braze alloy and adjoining copperstrand surfaces can occur if critical crevice geometry and crevice waterchemistry conditions are present. Certain conditions promote crevicecorrosion in the braze joints, such as: phosphorous, copper, suitablecorrosion initiation sites and water. If any one of these conditions iseliminated from the clip to bar joints, crevice corrosion should bereduced or eliminated.

The corrosion process can initiate if the braze joint surfaces containsurface crevices, pinholes, or porosity at or near the surface of thejoint and the critical water chemistry conditions that supportcorrosion. The corrosion process can progress through the braze jointsespecially when critical crevice geometry and water chemistry conditionsexist. Porosity within the braze joints can accelerate corrosion. Ifallowed to progress through a joint, corrosion will eventually result ina water leak through the entire effective braze joint length andcompromise the hydraulic integrity of the clip-to-strand joint.Accordingly, there is a long felt need for a corrosion-resistantclip-to-strand braze joint. The benefits of crevice corrosion-resistantbraze joint are expected to include improved generator availability andgenerator reliability.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A non-crevice-corroding clip-to-strand braze joint has been developedusing a silver based braze alloy that is essentially phosphorous-free. Amethod to braze the joint and a brazing chamber assembly has also beendeveloped. In preparation for brazing, strips of braze alloy areinterleaved between tiered rows of the copper strands such that thestrips extend beyond rows of short solid strands but not beyond the freeends of longer hollow strands. During induction heating, the braze alloyis briefly heated to above its liquidus temperature such that the alloypools on the solid strand ends and in crevices between the strands andthe internal surfaces of the hydraulic header clip. The pooled alloywhen cooled forms a layer of braze alloy that isolates the solid strandends, the joints between strand ends and the joints between strand endsand the clip from the coolant passage in the clip.

The brazing chamber includes a split hood that when closed and purgedhas an essentially oxygen free atmosphere. The armature bar is mountedvertically in the chamber such that the free ends of the copper strandsare horizontal to allow liquid braze alloy to pool on the solid freeends. A cooled heat sink clamps the bar just below the hydraulic clip tochill the bar and solidify braze alloy flowing down between the strands.A hooked induction coil in the chamber heats the clip, strand ends andstrips of braze alloy. A mechanical ram compresses the clip, strand endsand braze strips together during the brazing process in the chamber.

The invention may be embodied as a brazed joint between an armaturewinding bar strand package and a hydraulic header clip end fittingcomprising: a plurality of solid strands and a plurality of hollowstrands arranged in a tiered array and forming the strand package, saidplurality of hollow strands having free ends that extend axially beyondcorresponding free ends of said solid strands; a cavity in the endfitting, said free ends of said plurality of hollow strands and saidcorresponding free ends of said solid strands extending to said cavity,and an essentially phosphorous-free silver braze alloy joining said freeends of said plurality of hollow strands and said corresponding freeends of said plurality of solid strands to each other and to interiorsurfaces of said end fitting, wherein said braze alloy forms anisolation layer over the free ends of said solid strands.

Further, the invention may be embodied as a brazed joint between anarmature bar and a hydraulic header clip comprising: a cavity in the endfitting, accessed by an opening; an array of solid and hollow strandsreceived in said opening and arranged in a tiered array; and anessentially phosphorous-free braze alloy joining said solid and hollowstrands to each other and to internal surfaces of said end fitting, saidbraze alloy covering free ends of said solid strands and leaving freeends of said hollow strands open and unobstructed.

The invention may also be embodied as a method of forming a brazed jointbetween an armature bar and a hydraulic header clip comprising: locatingends of a plurality of hollow strands and a plurality of solid strandswithin a cavity in an end fitting such that free ends of said hollowstrands extend axially beyond free ends of said solid strands; andpre-placing an essentially phosphorous-free silver braze alloy aroundand between said ends of said hollow strands and said solid strands suchthat said braze alloy extends axially beyond the free ends of said solidstrands.

The invention may also be embodied as a pre-braze assembly of anarmature bar strand package and a hydraulic header clip comprising: aplurality of hollow and solid strands arranged in a tiered array andforming the strand package; a cavity in the end fitting, free ends ofsaid plurality of strands extending through said opening and received insaid cavity; and an essentially phosphorous-free braze alloy interleavedbetween the strands and extending beyond said free ends of saidplurality of solid strands.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a liquid-cooled stator windingarrangement illustrating the armature bars and hydraulic header clipscoupled to inlet and outlet coolant headers.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the end of an armature winding barshowing the tiered rows of hollow and solid strands, and interleavingsheets of braze material.

FIG. 3 is a perspective exploded view of the end of an armature windingbar inserted into a hydraulic header clip, with braze material and aclip cover shown to the side of the clip.

FIG. 4 is an end view of the strands of an armature winding bar within ahydraulic header end clip with a ram clamping the cover to the clip anda heat sink attached to the bar.

FIG. 5 is a side view of the winding bar, end clip and ram shown in across-section taken along line 5-5 in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a perspective side view of a brazing chamber.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of the interior of the brazing chamber thatshows an induction heating coil and armature winding bar heat sink.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of an exemplary braze process.

FIGS. 9 and 10 are end and cross-sectional side views respectively ofthe hydraulic header clip brazed to an armature bar.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a liquid-cooled armature winding arrangement for astator in a typical liquid-cooled generator. A stator core 10 havingstator core flanges 12 and core ribs 14. Armature winding bars 16 (alsoreferred to as stator bars) pass through radially extending slots in thestator core and are capped at opposite ends by hydraulic header clips 18fitted to the ends of the bars. Inlet hoses 22 connect an inlet clip 18to an inlet coolant header 24. Outlet hoses 26 connect an outlet clip 18to an outlet coolant header 28. A copper or stainless steel fittings 20connect adjacent ends of pairs of armature bars and clips to formcomplete armature coil elements.

FIG. 2 is a perspective end view of an armature winding 16 bar without ahydraulic header clip. The bar is a rectangular array of solid 34 andhollow 36 copper strands. FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the armaturewinding bar 16 inserted in a clip 18 with braze strips 30 and a brazesheet 50 and a clip cover 32 shown to the side of the clip. In FIG. 2,the braze strips 30 are shown interleaved between tiered rows of solidthe copper strands 34 and rows of hollow strands 36 of the bar 16.

Each armature winding bar 16 includes a plurality of solid copperstrands 34 and hollow copper strands 36. The strands 34, 36 may also beconstructed of metals other than copper, such as copper-nickel alloys orstainless steel. The ends of the strands 34, 36 form the end of thearmature winding bar 16. The free ends of the hollow strands 36 (andoptionally some of the ends of the solid strands) extend axially beyondthe free ends of short solid strands 34. For example, the free ends ofthe hollow strands extend approximately 0.31 inch (10 to 500 mils)beyond the free ends of the solid strands.

In the armature winding bar 16 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the extendedhollow strands 36 form tiered rows with respect to the shorter rows ofsolid strands 34. A four-tier array is shown in FIG. 2. It will beappreciated that various numbers of tiers are possible in an armaturebar. The particular configuration of solid strands 34 and hollow strands36 within the armature winding bar 16 is a matter of design choice.There may be a one to one ratio of solid to hollow strands or a ratio of6 solid strands to one hollow strand. The ratio may be greater orsmaller depending on the capability of the bar design to remove heatduring generator operation.

Braze alloy strips 30 and sheets 50 of a rolled, essentiallyphosphorous-free, silver based braze alloy are placed between the tiersof strands and between the strands and the internal surfaces of thehydraulic header clip 18. The silver braze alloy of the strips 30 andsheets 50 may contain other elements, such as tin, zinc or nickel, thatcan result in solidus and liquidus modifications to suit specificapplications. The thickness of the alloy strips 30 and sheets 50 is amatter of design choice. For example, the strip 30 thickness may be0.060 inches and the sheet 50 thickness may be 0.020 inches.

The braze alloy has minimal phosphorous. The phosphorous-containingmetallurgical phases of earlier braze alloys are susceptible to crevicecorrosion. Braze alloys with less than 500 ppm (or 0.05 weight percent)phosphorous are considered phosphorous-free. The benefits of using aphosphorous free braze alloy include reduced corrosion and henceimproved generator availability and reliability.

The pre-braze positioned braze alloy strips extend beyond the ends ofthe short solid strands. After brazing, the braze alloy forms a brazealloy isolation layer 52 over the end of the armature bar (but not theend of the hollow strands). The isolation layer shields the solid strandends and the joints from the coolant passage in the clip. The brazealloy also bonds the clip to the strands and the strand ends to eachother.

The strips 30 inserted between the tiers of strands may be rectangularas shown in FIG. 3. The braze strips are shaped to fit between thestrand rows. The edges of the braze strips may be trimmed into alignmentwith the outer surfaces of the strands of the bar 16. Substantiallysquare braze sheets 50 may be fitted between the sides of the armaturewinding bar and the internal sides of the header clip. The height of thealloy pre-positioned before brazing is selected so that the braze alloywill entirely melt during the braze process and not flow into the openends of the extended hollow strands.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional end view of the hydraulic header clip 18,the free ends of the solid 34 and hollow 36 strands, a ram 54 pressingthe clip cover 34 into the clip and an induction heating coil 66 to heatthe assembly of the clip, strand and braze strips 30 and sheets 50. Thehydraulic header clip 18 (also referred to as a stator bar clip) isformed of an electrically conductive material, such as copper. The clip18 is hollow and includes a rectangular collar 38 that slides over theouter side surfaces of the end of the armature winding bar 16. Arectangular slot 39 in the collar receives the end of the armaturewinding bar and interleaved strips 30 of the braze alloy. The clip cover32 fits into the matching rectangular slot 39 in the side of the collar38. At the other end of the clip 18 is a cylindrical coupling end 40that is configured to connect to the coolant circuit.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of a hydraulic header clip 18receiving an armature winding bar 16 and the ram 54 to press the clipcover 32 into the clip slot 39 during brazing. The solid and hollowcopper strands 34, 36 are disposed in a side-by-side and superposedrelation one to the other, in a generally rectangular, multi-tier array.The array may be compressed within the hydraulic end fitting or headerclip 18 by means of the side cover 32 fitted within a similarly shapedslot 39 of the header clip. Ram 54 presses the clip cover 32 into thecollar 38 and compress together the ends of the strands 34, 36 andinterleaved braze strips.

The clip is seated in an induction heating coil 66. Mica spacers 76separate the coil from the clip and the ram 54 from the clip cover. Themica spacer between the coil and clip may be 0.060 inches and the spacerbetween the ram and clip cover may be 0.030 inches. A cooled heat sinkclamp 74 grasps the bar 16 just below the clip during the brazingprocess.

Each hydraulic header clip 18 includes an internal manifold chamber 42within the clip collar 38. The manifold chamber 42 receives the strandends 34, 36 of the armature bar and provides a conduit for coolantflowing through the clip 18 to enter or be discharged from the hollowstrands 36 of the armature bar 16. Within the clip, the manifold chamber42 is internally open to a necked down internal chamber section 56 andto an expanded sub-chamber 58, which is aligned with the hose coupling40 and configured to receive coolant flowing into or out of a hose. Theexternal and internal shapes of a clip may vary to suit differentarmature bar configurations that are present in large liquid cooledturbine generators.

When the bar 16 is brazed to the hydraulic header clip 18, the free endsof the solid copper strands 34 are generally flush with a back wall 48of the manifold chamber 42. The free ends of the hollow copper strands36 extend partially into the manifold chamber 42. The ends of the hollowcopper strands 36 may extend about 10 to 500 thousands of an inch beyondthe ends of solid strands 34 and into the chamber 42.

The differential lengths of the solid and hollow strands may be achievedby any suitable means including the use of a cutting tool to shorten thesolid strands. The alloy strips 30 between the tiers of the solid andhollow strands do not generally extend axially beyond the ends of thehollow strands 36 so that liquid braze when liquefied does not plug theopen ends of the hollow strands. In addition, filler metal 44 and thebraze alloy sheets 50 (FIG. 3) are pre-placed along the interior walls46 of the clip to surround the enclosed ends of the hollow and solidstrands. The filler metal 44 may be a copper-silver alloy that ispositioned between the outer strands and the interior of the clip.

At the end of the brazing process, a braze alloy isolation layer 52(FIG. 9) extends axially along and between all sides of each of thestrands 34, 36 in the array, and also covers the ends (or fayingsurfaces) of the solid strands 34 while leaving the ends of the hollowstrands 36 open and unobstructed for free flow of coolant through thehollow strands.

The braze joint can be made with the axis of the armature bar in eithera horizontal or a vertical orientation. The vertical orientation ispreferred because it aids alloy retention in the joint and permitspieces of the alloy to be more easily pre-placed on the surface of theassembly inside the hydraulic header clip, thereby providing a source ofadditional braze alloy and/or filler metal that will melt and flow overthe bar 16 end surfaces to create a thicker layer of braze isolationlayer 52 (FIG. 9).

FIG. 6 is a side view of a brazing chamber 60 assembly. The brazechamber 60 is used to form a brazed connection of a liquid-cooledarmature bar strand package to the hydraulic header clip 18 with acorrosion resistant braze alloy that is not susceptible to crevicecorrosion initiation and provides for an alloy layer at theliquid-cooled interface surface of the brazement.

A split braze chamber has left and right side hood sections 62 thatlaterally separate to receive the armature winding bar. Once the bar 16is mounted vertically in the left hood section, the right hood sectioncloses against the left hood to form a closed chamber. Windows 64 in thehood sections allow the braze process to be viewed. The hood canwithstand a brazing temperature of 1,000 degrees Celsius (1,832 degreesFahrenheit) or more.

A controlled gas atmosphere is pumped into the chamber to purge oxygenand form an internal substantially oxygen free atmosphere within thechamber. The controlled gas atmosphere may comprise mixtures of nitrogenand hydrogen or 100 percent hydrogen. After purging, the oxygen level ispreferably less than 500 parts per million (ppm) oxygen in the chamber.A substantially oxygen free atmosphere allows the brazing process toproceed without unwanted oxidation of the braze.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the interior of the left hood 62 of thechamber 60, without an armature bar or clip seated in the coil 66. Theinduction heating coil 66 heats the clip and bar to a predeterminedbrazing temperature for a prescribed time period. The temperatureprofile of the heating coil is a design choice and depends on thebrazing process being performed.

A hook-shaped induction heating coil 66 receives the bar end andhydraulic header clip 18. An upper guide 71 aligns the top of thehydraulic header clip such that the collar is between the legs 78 of theinduction coil 66. A heat sink clamp 74 secures the armature barvertically within the braze chamber and prevents liquid braze fromflowing down between the strands of the bar. The ram 54 presses the clipcover 32 and strand ends 34, 36 into the clip during the braze process.A pneumatic drive cylinder 55 moves the ram and applies a compressiveforce to the clip cover.

The bottom wall 68 of the chamber includes a seal to receive thearmature bar and prevent leakage of the gas atmosphere in the chamber.The inert gases in the chamber may be maintained at an above-atmosphericpressure to ensure that oxygen does not leak into the chamber.

Multiple temperature indicators 70 in the chamber and are located atvarious positions inside the brazing chamber. An oxygen sensor 72 withinthe chamber generates a signal in real time of the oxygen level in partsper million in the chamber atmosphere. The oxygen signal may be providedto a programmable logic controller 73 for the brazing process.

The programmable logic controller (PLC) 73 automates the braze processprotocol. The PLC controls the induction coil and monitors thetemperature and oxygen level in the chamber during the brazing process.The PLC may also control the force applied by the ram 54, 55 and thelinear movement of the ram. The control program executed by the PLC mayinclude multiple time and temperature cycles for heating the coil andthe clip and armature bar assembly.

The heat sink 74 is a straight bar clamp that is spring loaded andgrasps the bar 16 just below the clip. The heat sink is water cooled toensure that the armature winding bar 16 below the clip is cooler thanthe liquidus temperature of the braze alloy. The cool armature bar atthe clamp point causes liquid braze alloy flowing down between the barstrands to solidify.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of exemplary steps for brazing. In step 80, thearmature bar 16 and clip 18 assembly is seated in the induction heatingcoil. Mica insulation sheets 76 may separate the clip from the inductioncoil. In step 81, ram 54 is positioned against the cover 32 of the clipto force the cover and bar into the clip. The armature bar is mountedvertically such that the free ends of the solid strands 34 arehorizontal during the brazing process. An upper stop guide 71 in theleft hood (FIG. 7) provides an alignment stop for the free end of theclip. In general, the clip and bar are seated such that the legs 78 ofthe induction coil 66 are in the same plane as are the extended freeends of the hollow strands 36. In step 82, a heat sink, e.g., a cooledbar clamp, is applied to the armature winding bar 16 at a location belowthe clip 18. The heat sink cools the armature bar below the clip toprevent liquid braze alloy from flowing down between the bar strands.

In step 84, the hood sections 62 of the braze chamber 60 are closed. Theclosed chamber is purged to an oxygen free atmosphere, such as less than500 parts per million of oxygen. The control gas may be a mixture ofhydrogen and nitrogen, or alternatively be 100% hydrogen or have someother composition that allows for a good braze joint.

In step 86, the clip is heated by the induction coil to: braze thestrand ends together, braze the clip to the strands, and to form aisolation layer 44 (FIG. 9) over the solid ends of the clip. To reduceliquation of the braze alloy, the braze assembly is held at atemperature just below solidus of the braze alloy to allow equalizationof temperature within the braze chamber for a period of, for example, 30to 600 seconds, in step 88. Thereafter, the power applied to theinduction coil 66 is increased to quickly raise the temperature to abovethe liquidus temperature of the braze allow but below the maximumallowable braze temperature for the specific alloy, during step 90. Thishigher temperature is held for a period of, for example, 5 to 100seconds. At the higher temperature the braze alloy bonds to the strandsand to the clip. In addition, at the higher temperature the braze alloystrips extending beyond the solid strands melts and pools on the ends ofthe solid strands.

At the higher temperature, the assembly of clip, strands and braze alloysoftens and partially liquefied. The ram 54 pressing against the clipcover 32 causes the cover to slid further into the slot 39 of the clip,in step 91. The hold time above the liquidus temperature may becontrolled by the amount of displacement experienced by the clip cover.When the desired displacement is met, the braze cycle is terminated.Accordingly, the controller 73 monitors the displacement of the ramagainst the cover in step 92. The controller terminates the hightemperature induced by the coil when the ram displacement exceeds apredetermined level, e.g., up to 0.25 inch, in step 94. The volume andplacement of the alloy force applied by the ram to the clip cover, andthe temperature profile in the chamber may be controlled by the PLCcontroller 73 and selected to assist the capillary flow of the liquidbraze alloy between the strands and create the desired layer 52 on theends of the solid strands and between the extended hollow strands.

To control the alloy flow at liquidus within the hydraulic header clip,the clip to cover clearance may preferably be between 0.001 to 0.005inch between mating surfaces. The liquid cooled heat sink 74 adjacent tothe clip on the strands also controls liquid alloy flow by solidifyingthe braze alloy below the clip. To allow proper alloy flow between thestrands, a faying surface allowance of preferably between 0.001 and0.010 inch is used and a braze assembly force preferably of 100 to 1,800pounds of force is applied by the ram 54 to the assembly during thebraze operation.

During heating to above liquidus temperature (step 90), the liquid brazealloy pools on top of the ends of the solid strands. The pooled alloyforms a corrosion-resistant isolation layer 52 on the end of thearmature winding bar. In addition to the braze strips and sheets betweenadjacent strands and between the strands and the clip, braze material,e.g., braze rods or strips, may be prepositioned on the ends of thesolid strands or may be added during the braze process to ensuresufficient braze material pools on the end of the solid strands.

When heated to its melting temperature, the braze alloy flows and fillsin the spaces between the solid and hollow strands 34, 36 and betweenthe strands and the interior surfaces of the header clip, including atthe opening of the header clip into which the strands are inserted. Atits melting temperature, the alloy remains sufficiently viscous that itdoes not flow substantially to the free ends of the hollow strands. Theextended length of the hollow strands 36 provides a safety margin inthat the excess alloy material does not flow out as far as the ends ofthe hollow strands, precluding the possibility of plugging the coolingpassages in the hollow strands.

The layer 52 has sufficient thickness and quality to fill the areabetween the extended hollow strands and over the ends of the short solidstrands. Capillary flow draws the liquid braze alloy into the fayingsurfaces between the strands and between the strands and manifoldchamber 42 of the clip. The layer 52 produces a corrosion resistantisolation layer on the water inlet end surface of the armature windingbar. The isolation layer seals the liquid-cooled stator armature barstrands to the hydraulic header clip.

The brazed clip and strands remain in the control atmosphere of the hooduntil the temperature decreases to a temperature below which noappreciable oxidation forms on the metal surfaces. Thereafter, the hoodsections are separated and the armature bar and clip assembly is removedfrom the braze chamber.

FIGS. 9 and 10 are end and cross-sectional side views respectively ofthe hydraulic header clip brazed to an armature bar. The hollow 36 andsolid 34 end strands are brazed to the collar 38 of the clip 18 suchthat the free ends of the hollow strands are open to the manifoldchamber 42. A braze alloy isolation layer 44 has formed over the freeends of the solid strands 34 and in the crevices between the strands andbetween the strands and internal surfaces of the manifold chamber of theclip 18. The minimum thickness of the braze alloy isolation layer 44 maybe at least 0.050 of an inch.

While the invention has been described in connection with what ispresently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment,it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to thedisclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover variousmodifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit andscope of the appended claims.

1. A method of forming a brazed joint between an end of an armature barand a hydraulic header clip comprising: a) locating ends of a pluralityof hollow strands and a plurality of solid strands of the armature barwithin a cavity in an end fitting of the hydraulic header clip, suchthat free ends of said hollow strands extend axially beyond free ends ofsaid solid strands; b) pre-placing an essentially phosphorous-freesilver braze alloy around and between said ends of said hollow strandsand said solid strands such that said braze alloy extends axially beyondthe free ends of said solid strands; c) vertical orienting the pluralityof hollow strands and the plurality of solid strands in the cavity ofthe end fitting, such that the free ends of the hollow strands are at ahigher elevation than the free ends of said solid strands; d)positioning in a braze chamber the hydraulic header clip and the end ofthe armature bar, wherein the end of the armature bar and hydraulicheader clip are adjacent an induction heating coil of the braze chamber;e) while the hollow strands and the vertical strands are verticallyoriented, induction heating the phosphorous-free silver braze alloy toat least a liquidus temperature of the alloy and coating the free endsof said solid strands with the alloy, wherein the ends of said hollowstrands remain free of the braze alloy during the induction heatingstep; f) the induction heating step is performed in a controlled gasatmosphere which is substantially free of oxygen in the braze chamber,and g) cooling the heated phosphorous-free silver braze alloy andforming a layer of the cooled braze alloy over the ends of said solidstrands.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said pre-placed braze alloyextends no further than the free ends of the hollow strands.
 3. Themethod of claim 1 wherein said braze alloy comprises strips of brazealloy interleaved between the strands.
 4. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid plurality of solid and hollow strands are composed of at least oneof copper, copper-nickel alloys and stainless steel.
 5. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said plurality of solid strands are composed of copperand hollow strands are composed of stainless steel.
 6. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said free ends of the hollow strands extend at least0.31 inch beyond the free ends of the solid strands.
 7. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said alloy covers the free ends of said solid strands toa depth of at least 0.010 inch.
 8. A method of forming a brazed jointbetween an armature bar and a hydraulic header clip comprising: locatingfree ends of hollow strands and free ends of solid strands of thearmature bar within a cavity of an end fitting of the hydraulic headerclip; extending a the free ends of the hollow strands beyond the freeends of the solid strands in the header clip; applying an essentiallyphosphorous-free silver braze alloy around and between said free ends ofthe hollow strands and said free ends of the solid strands such thatsaid braze alloy extends axially beyond the free ends of the solidstrands; vertically orienting the hollow strands and the solid strandsin the cavity of the end fitting, such that the free ends of the hollowstrands are at a higher elevation than the free ends of said solidstrands; positioning in a braze chamber the hydraulic header clip andthe end of the strands adjacent an induction heating coil of the brazechamber; while the strands are vertically oriented, induction heatingthe phosphorous-free silver braze alloy to at least a liquidustemperature of the alloy and coating the free ends of said solid strandswith the alloy, wherein the ends of said hollow strands remain free ofthe braze alloy during the induction heating step; the induction heatingstep is performed in a controlled gas atmosphere which is substantiallyfree of oxygen in the braze chamber, and cooling the heatedphosphorous-free silver braze alloy and forming a layer of the cooledbraze alloy over the ends of said solid strands.
 9. A method as in claim8 wherein the at least one hollow strand is a plurality of hollowstrands and the at least one solid strand is a plurality of solidstrands, and a plurality of free ends of the hollow strands extendbeyond a plurality of free ends of the solid strands.
 10. A method as inclaim 8 further comprising: brazing the at least one hollow strand andthe at least one solid strand to the end fitting within a chamber in acontrolled gas atmosphere.
 11. A method as in claim 8 wherein said brazealloy is pre-placed in the cavity.
 12. A method as in claim 8 whereinsaid braze alloy extends no further than the free end of the at leastone hollow strand.
 13. A method as in claim 8 wherein said braze alloycomprises strips of braze alloy between the at least one hollow strandand the at least one solid strand.
 14. A method as in claim 8 whereinthe at least one hollow strand and at least one solid strand arecomposed of at least one of copper, copper-nickel alloys and stainlesssteel.
 15. A method as in claim 8 wherein the at least one hollow strandis composed of stainless steel and the at least one solid strand iscomposed of copper.
 16. A method as in claim 8 wherein said free end ofthe at least on hollow strand extends at least 0.31 inch beyond the freeend of the solid strand.
 17. A method as in claim 8 wherein said alloycovers the free end of said at least one solid strand to a depth of atleast 0.010 inch.
 18. A method of forming a brazed joint between anarmature bar and a hydraulic header clip comprising: positioning freeends of hollow strands and free ends of solid strands of the armaturebar within a cavity of an end fitting of the hydraulic header clip;arranging the free ends of the hollow strands beyond the free ends ofthe solid strands in the cavity; applying an essentiallyphosphorous-free silver braze alloy around the hollow strands and freeends of the solid strands, such that said braze alloy extends axiallybeyond the free the free ends of the solid strands and does not extendaxially beyond the free ends of the hollow strands; vertically orientingthe hollow strands and the solid strands in the cavity of the endfitting, such that the free ends of the hollow strands are at a higherelevation than the free ends of said solid strands; positioning in abraze chamber the hydraulic header clip and armature bar, wherein theends of the strands and the hydraulic header clip are adjacent aninduction heating coil of the braze chamber; while the strands arevertically oriented, induction heating the phosphorous-free silver brazealloy to at least a liquidus temperature of the alloy and coating thefree ends of said solid strands with the alloy wherein the ends of saidhollow strands remain free of the braze alloy during the inductionheating step; the induction heating step is performed a controlled asgas atmosphere which is substantially free of oxygen in the brazechamber, and cooling the heated phosphorous-free silver braze alloy andforming a layer of the cooled braze alloy over the ends of said solidstrands.
 19. A method as in claim 18 wherein the strands comprisecopper.